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<h2> Introduction </h2>

<p>Remember how verbs in their infinitive form always end in <i>-mek</i> or <i>-mak</i>. Whether the suffix is <i>-mek</i> or <i>-mak</i> follows the <i>"small vowel harmony law"</i> from <a href='#'> lesson 3 </a>.  </p>

<p>Examples of verbs in infinitive:</p>

<ul>
  <li> sevmek = to love </li>
  <li> içmek = to drink </li>
  <li> yazmak = to write </li>
  <li> koşmak = to write </li>
</ul>


<!--
<p>
  Examples of tenses of the verb "love":
</p>
<ul>
  <li> infinitive: <i>to love</i> </li>
  <li> present tense: <i>love, loves</i>, e.g.: "they love pasta" or "she loves me"</li>
  <li> simple past tense = <i>loved</i>, e.g. "I loved her"</li>
  <li> perfect tense = <i>have/has loved</i>, e.g. "He has loved her"</li>
</ul>
-->

<p>
In Turkish, like in any language, there are several <i>"tenses"</i>. Now we want to introduce the simplest tense of them all, the "present tense" or sometimes called the "simple present tense".
</p>

<p>Examples of verbs present tense:</p>

<ul>
  <li><i>okuyorum</i> = <i>I am reading</i></li>
  <li><i>başlıyorum</i> = <i>I am starting</i></li>
  <li><i>içiyorum</i> = <i>I am drinking</i></li>
</ul>

<p>
Notice how there is only one word, the verb. So what happened to fact that it is the third person singular ("I") who did something? Well this information is actually in the verb suffix, but we will get back to this. 
</p>


<h2> Formula </h2>

<p>
Let us examine how we construct present tense for a verb. 
</p>

<table class='parts'>
  <tr>
    <th>
      base
      <br/>
      <span style='font-size:8pt;'> possibly with a vowel change </span>
    </th>
    <td>+</td>
    <th>
      buffer vowel
      <br/>
      <span style='font-size:8pt;'> if necessary</span>
    </th>
    <td>+</td>
    <th><i>yor</i></th>
    <td>+</td>
    <th>person suffix</th>
  </tr>
</table>

<p> e.g. "I run". From the verb whose infinitive is "koşmak" using 1st person singular. </p>

<table class='parts'>
  <tr>
    <th>
      koş
    </th>
    <td>+</td>
    <th>
      u
    </th>
    <td>+</td>
    <th>yor</th>
    <td>+</td>
    <th>um</th>
    <td>=</td>
    <th>koşuyorum</th>
  </tr>
</table>

<h2> Details on the formula</h2>

<h4> base: </h4>
<p>
The verb without the -mek or -mak suffix. E.g. 
<ul>
<li><i>'koşmak'</i> -> <i>'koş'</i></li>
<li><i>'yapmak'</i> -> <i>'yap'</i></li>
<li><i>'içmek'</i> -> <i>'iç'</i> </li>
</ul>

If the last letter is a vowel, but it is not one of ı,i,ü,u, then the vowel changes to one of these according to the "large wowel harmony law". E.g.: 
<ul>
<li><i>başlamak</i> -> <i>başlı</i>.</li>
</ul>
</p>

<h4>buffer:</h4> 
<p>
If the last letter in the base is vowel, then no buffer is used. E.g.: 
<ul>
<li><i>'okumak'</i>. The base is "oku". It ends with a vowel, so no buffer vowel here.</li>
</ul>
</p>

<p>
However, if the last letter is a consonant there must be a buffer vowel. The vowel follows the <i>large vowel harmony law</i> depending on the last vowel of the base. E.g.:

<ul>
<li>içmek -> iç + i = içi</li>
<li>koşmak -> koş + u = koşu</li>
</ul>
</p>

<h4>present tense suffix:</h4>
<p>
Always simply an easy three letter syllable "yor".
</p>

<p>
The "yor" part is what tells that this is present tense. 
</p>

<h4>person suffix:</h4>
<p>
This depends on the subject of the sentence. The subject is the person or object that does the action. E.g.: 

<ul>
<li>"I love pizza", here "I" is the subject, and "I" is "1st person singular" </li>
<li>"Bruce loves pizza", here Bruce is the subject, and he is a "3rd person singular" </li>
<li>"The children love pizza", here "the children" is the subject, and they are "3rd person plural" </li>
</ul>

</p>

<table class='grammar_table'>
  <tr>
    <th> 1st person singular </th>
    <td>um</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 2nd person singular </th>
    <td>sun</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 3rd person singular </th>
    <td></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 1st person plural </th>
    <td>uz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 2nd person plural </th>
    <td>sunuz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 3rd person plural </th>
    <td>(lar)</td>
  </tr>
</table>

<p>
Because the verb takes a unique suffix depending on the subject, the verb itself tells us which person is doing the act. It is valid to explicitly put a "personal pronoun" (In English: I, you, he, etc.) in front of the verb:
</p>

<ul>
  <li>Ben içiyorum</li>
  <li>O okuyor</li>
</ul>

<p>
To a Turkish speaker this sounds like you want to really emphasize which who did it. "<b>He</b> is studying (and not me)". 
</p>

<p>
Notice that the suffix for 3rd person plural is in parenthesis. This is because it is not always used. In formal written language the lar suffix should always be applied, but in spoken language or informal writing the -lar is only pronunced if it is necessary in order to specify that it was "they" who did the action. 
</p>

<ul>
  <li><i>okuyor</i> = <i>he/she/it reads</i></li>
  <li><i>çocuklar okuyor</i> = <i>the children read</i>, since the first word implies plurality, the <i>lar</i> is left out. </li>
  <li><i>onlar okuyor</i> = <i>they read</i>, again, because the first word implies plurality the <i>-lar</i> is left out. Remember however, that this sentence puts a heavy emphasis on exactly who did it, like explained above, and should not generally be used. </li>
</ul>

<h2> A few complete examples </h2>

<table class='grammar_table'>
  <tr>
    <th> infinitive </th>
    <td> okumak </td>
    <td> başlımak </td>
    <td> içmek </td>
    <td> konuşmak </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 1st person singular </th>
    <td> okuyorum </td>
    <td> başlıyorum </td>
    <td> içiyorum </td>
    <td> konuşuyorum </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 2nd person singular </th>
    <td> okuyorsun </td>
    <td> başlıyorsun </td>
    <td> içiyorsun </td>
    <td> konuşuyorsun </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 3rd person singular </th>
    <td> okuyor </td>
    <td> başlıyor </td>
    <td> içiyor </td>
    <td> konuşuyor </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 1st person plural </th>
    <td> okuyoruz </td>
    <td> başlıyoruz </td>
    <td> içiyoruz </td>
    <td> konuşuyoruz </td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 2nd person plural </th>
    <td> okuyorzunuz </td>
    <td> başlıyorsunuz </td>
    <td> içiyorsunuz </td>
    <td> konuşuyorsunuz</td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
    <th> 3rd person plural </th>
    <td> okuyor(lar) </td>
    <td> başlıyor(lar) </td>
    <td> içiyor(lar) </td>
    <td> konuşuyor(lar) </td>
  </tr>
</table>


<h2> Exceptions: </h2>

<p> Luckily the Turkish language contains very few exceptions. However, there are a few. </p>

<h4> yemek </h4>
<p>
"Yemek" means "to eat", and when conjugating this verb in present tense, the base becomes "yi". 
</p>

<p>E.g.: </p>

<ul>
  <li> yiyorum = I eat </li>
  <li> yiyorsun = you eat </li>
</ul>

<h4> etmek </h4>
<p>
Replacing "t" with a "d"
</p>

For some verbs whose bases end in -t, that -t is changed to a d. 

<p>Here is an incomplete list of these</p>

<ul>
  <li> etmek: ediyorum = I do </li>
  <li> affetmek: affedersiniz = excuse me </li>
  <li> gitmek: gidiyoruz = we are going </li>
  <li> tatmak: tadiyorum = I am tasting </li>
</ul>


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